new episiode early feb Transatlantic crossings History[edit] Packet ships (1812–1838)[edit] The England, a packet ship of the Black Ball Line The modern era of "liners" was established by the Black Ball Line which began operation in 1818. The packet ships were contracted by governments to carry mail and also carried passengers and timely items such as newspapers. Up till this point there were no regular passages advertised by sailing ships. They arrived at port when they could, dependent on the wind, and left when they were loaded, frequently visiting other ports to complete their cargo Paddlers The Sirius is considered the first Blue Riband holder for her 1838 voyage to New York at 8.03 knots (14.87 km/h). In 1843, Great Western recorded a Blue Riband voyage of 10.03 knots (18.58 km/h). In 1832, Junius Smith, American lawyer turned London merchant, published the idea of building a line of transatlantic Single srew Single screw steamers (1872–89)[edit] White Star's Adriatic by George Parker Greenwood. She was the first screw liner to win the Blue Riband with an 1872 run at 14.65 knots (27.13 km/h) In 1845, Brunel’s Great Britain became the first iron-hulled screw liner on the Atlantic. Starting in 1850, the Inman Line built numerous reduced versions for the steerage trade Cunard's Etruria of 1885, averaged 19.56 knots (36.23 km/h) on an 1888 Blue Riband crossing Inman's City of Paris broke 20.01 knots (37.06 km/h) in 1889 Double screw streamers 1887 1907 Cunard's Mauretania held the Blue Riband from 1909 to 1929 at 26.06 knots (48.26 km/h Cunard White Star's Queen Mary regained the Blue Riband at 30.99 knots (57.39 km/h) in 1938. The United States won the Blue Riband at 34.51 knots (63.91 km/h) in 1952. Formally, she still holds the title cables When the first transatlantic telegraph cable was laid in 1858 by businessman Cyrus West Field, it operated for only three weeks; subsequent attempts in 1865 and 1866 were more successful. Although a telephone cable was discussed starting in the 1920s[citation needed], to be practical it needed a number of technological advances which did not arrive until the 1940s.[citation needed] Starting in 1927, transatlantic telephone service was radio-based.[1] TAT-1 (Transatlantic No. 1) was the first transatlantic telephone cable system. It was laid between Gallanach Bay, near Oban, Scotland and Clarenville, Newfoundland between 1955 and 1956 by the cable ship Monarch.[2] It was inaugurated on September 25, 1956, initially carrying 36 telephone channels. In the first 24 hours of public service there were 588 London–U.S. calls and 119 from London to Canada. The capacity of the cable was soon increased to 48 channels. TAT-1 was finally retired in 1978. Later coaxial cables, installed through the 1970s, used transistors and had higher bandwidth HMS Agamemnon vessel Niagara 1. Polyethylene 2. “Mylar” tape 3. Stranded metal (steel) wires 4. Aluminum water barrier 5. Polycarbonate 6. Copper or aluminum tube 7. Petroleum jelly 8. Optical fibers [source] In March 3013, Scientists working at the University of Southampton discovered a new way to push data using a special hollow fibre optic cable capable of transferring speeds of 73.7 Tbit/s on a single cable. The elimination of glass as a barrier, in combination with improved hollow cables, has helped to nudge speeds up to very impressive levels; in this case, the data packets were being transferred at 99.7% of the speed of light, increasing the data throughput of the cable accordingly. Atlantic licghts The idea of transatlantic flight came about with the advent of the balloon. The balloons of the period were inflated with coke gas, a moderate lifting medium compared to hydrogen or helium, but with enough lift to use the winds that would later be known as the Jet Stream. In 1859, John Wise built an enormous aerostat named the Atlantic, intending to cross the Atlantic. The flight lasted less than a day Atlantic flying from the U.S. to Newfoundland, then to the Azores and on to Portugal and finally the UK. The whole journey took 23 days, with six stops along the way The possibility of transatlantic flight by aircraft emerged after the First World War, which had seen tremendous advances in aerial capabilities. In April 1913 the London newspaper The Daily Mail offered a prize of £10,000 On 14–15 June 1919, British aviators Alcock and Brown made the first non-stop transatlantic flight.[4] During the War, Alcock resolved to fly the Atlantic, and after the war he approached the Vickers engineering and aviation firm at Weybridge, who had considered entering their Vickers Vimy IV twin-engined bomber in the competition but had not yet found a pilot. Alcock's enthusiasm impressed the Vickers' team and he was appointed as their pilot. Work began on converting the Vimy for the long flight, replacing the bomb carriers with extra petrol tanks.[5] Shortly afterwards Brown, who was unemployed, approached Vickers seeking a post and his knowledge of long distance navigation convinced them to take him on as Alcock's navigator.[6] Alcock and Brown made the first transatlantic flight in 1919. They took off from St. John's, Newfoundland Bronw and Alcock taking off newoundland Alcock and Brown landed in Ireland 1919. Their flight paved the way for commercial transatlantic aviation Commercial airship flights[edit] Flown picture postcard from the "First North American Flight" of the D-LZ127 (1928) On 11 October 1928, Hugo Eckener, commanding the Graf Zeppelin airship as part of DELAG's operations, began the first non-stop transatlantic passenger flights, leaving Friedrichshafen, Germany, at 07:54 on 11 October 1928, and arriving at NAS Lakehurst, New Jersey, on 15 October. Between 1931 and 1937 the Graf Zeppelin crossed the South Atlantic 136 times The Short Mayo Composite project, co-designed by Mayo and Shorts chief designer Arthur Gouge,[21][22] comprised the Short S.21 Maia,[23] (G-ADHK) which was a variant of the Short "C-Class" Empire flying-boat fitted with a trestle or pylon on the top of the fuselage to support the Short S.20 Mercury(G-ADHJ).[23][24] The first successful in-flight separation of the Composite was carried out on 6 February 1938, and the first transatlantic flight was made on 21 July 1938 The Yankee Clipper's inaugural trip across the Atlantic was on June 24, 1939. Its route was from Southampton to Port Washington, New York with intermediate stops at Foynes, Ireland, Botwood, Newfoundland, and Shediac, New Brunswick. Its first passenger flight was on 9 July, .
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